A dog's cranial cruciate ligament (CCL or ACL) is the tissue that connects the upper and lower leg bones at the knee and can become injured in a couple of ways. In this post, our Houston County vets talk about ACL injuries in dogs and how they can be treated with surgery.
The Difference Between ACL, CCL, & Cruciate
In a human's knee, there is a thin piece of connective tissue called the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), which connects the lower leg bone (tibia) to the upper leg bone (femur) and helps the knee move. Dogs also have this connective tissue joining their tibia and femur however, for them it is called the cranial cruciate ligament (CCL).
While a human's ACL and a dog's CCL function a bit differently, pet owners and vets frequently refer to the dog's cranial cruciate ligament as their ACL, CCL, or 'cruciate' interchangeably.
Causes of ACL Injuries
ACL injuries in dogs generally occur gradually rather than suddenly and progressively become worse during activity. There may not have been a defining moment when your dog suddenly injured their ACL, but through continued exercise, symptoms that started out mild will gradually get more painful and pronounced for your pup.
Sings Your Dog Has Injured Their ACL
Dogs with ACL injuries can't walk normally and experience pain. If your dog has injured their ACL you will probably see them limping in their hind legs, experiencing stiffness after exercise, and struggling to get up off of the floor or jump.
Treating ACL Injuries In Dogs
If you believe your dog may have injured their ACL, it's important to take your pup to the vet, so your veterinarian can diagnose and treat the condition.
If your dog's ACL is torn or injured, the tibia (lower leg bone) slides forward in relation to the femur (thigh bone). This movement is known as a 'positive drawer sign' and causes instability in the knee and can result in damage to the cartilage and surrounding bones, or possibly lead to osteoarthritis.
Surgical treatments for ACL injuries in dogs include:
Extracapsular Lateral Suture Stabilization - ELSS / ECLS
This surgical treatment for a torn ACL in dogs works by counteracting 'tibial thrust' (the sliding forward of the dog's tibia) with a specifically placed suture.
Tibial thrust is caused by the transmission of weight up the tibia and across the knee, causing the tibia to “thrust” forward relative to the femur. The forward thrust movement occurs because the top of the tibia is sloped, and the dog's injured ACL which is normally able to oppose the forward force, is no longer able to prevent this unwanted movement.
Extracapsular Lateral Suture Stabilization corrects tibia thrust by “anchoring” the tibia to the femur with a surgically placed suture. The suture pulls the joint tight and helps to stabilize the knee, preventing the front-to-back sliding of the femur and tibia while the ACL heals and the muscles surrounding the knee strengthen.
The suture must stay intact for 8-12 weeks in order for the ACL injury to heal. The suture will then start to loosen or even break.
This is a fairly quick and uncomplicated surgery that has a good success rate in smaller dogs. It can also be less expensive than other methods for repairing a torn ACL in dogs. Long-term success varies in dogs of different sizes and activity levels.
Tibial Plateau Leveling Osteotomy - TPLO
Another surgical option for treating your dog's injured ACL is the tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO). This surgery is more complex than the ELSS and aims to reduce the forward movement during a dog's stride without the help of the ACL (CCL).
In this procedure, a complete cut is made through the top of the tibia (the tibial plateau). The tibial plateau is then rotated to change its angle and a metal plate is added to stabilize the cut bone as it heals. The tibia will gradually heal and strengthen over the course of several months.
Full recovery from TPLO surgery will take several months, however, some improvement can be seen within just several days of the surgery. It is essential to follow your vet's instructions after your dog's TPLO surgery, and restrict your dog's activities in order to let the bond heal properly.
The long-term prognosis is good for TPLO treatment in dogs, and re-injury is uncommon. The stabilization plate does not need to be removed from your dog's leg unless it begins to cause problems.
Tibial Tuberosity Advancement - TTA
Tibial Tuberosity Advancement surgery is similar to TPLO but could be slightly less invasive than TPLO. Recovery from TTA seems to be quicker than recovery from TPLO in many dogs.
When TTA surgery is performed the front part of the tibia is cut and separated from the rest of the bone. Next, a special orthopedic spacer is screwed into the space between the two sections of the tibia in order to move the front section forward and up. By doing this, the patellar ligament that runs along the front of the knee is moved into better alignment and helps to prevent much of the abnormal sliding movement. Once this process has been completed, a bone plate will be attached to hold the front section of the tibia in its proper position.
TTA surgery is typically performed in dogs with a steep tibial plateau (angle of the top section of the tibia). Your vet will evaluate your dog's knee geometry to determine which ACL treatment surgery is best for your dog.
A Dog's Recovery After ACL Surgery
All dogs are different and some dogs will recover more quickly than others following ACL surgery. Nonetheless, recovery from ACL surgery is always a long process!
Your dog may be able to walk as soon as 24 hours following surgery, however full recovery and a return to normal activities will take 12 - 16 weeks, or potentially longer.
It is imperative to follow your vet's instructions and to pay attention to your dog's healing progress. Never force your dog to do exercises if they resist as this could re-injure the leg.
Note: The advice provided in this post is intended for informational purposes and does not constitute medical advice regarding pets. For an accurate diagnosis of your pet's condition, please make an appointment with your vet.